Assess students’ ability to analyze how electoral system design (e.g., majoritarian vs. proportional rules, district magnitude, electoral thresholds, and seat-allocation formulas) shapes party fragmentation and the descriptive and substantive representation of ethnic groups in multiethnic democracies; tasks include comparing theoretical mechanisms, interpreting quantitative indicators (effective number of parties, proportionality indices), evaluating comparative case evidence, and recommending evidence-based institutional reforms with trade-off analysis.