Assess graduate students' ability to analyze how electoral system design (e.g., plurality, proportional, mixed) interacts with ethnic fractionalization to shape party-system fragmentation across post‑colonial Sub‑Saharan African states (1990–2015); tasks include identifying causal mechanisms, selecting and interpreting quantitative and qualitative indicators (e.g., ELF, effective number of parties), critiquing empirical designs, and drawing policy implications for representation and stability.