Evaluate students' ability to design and justify a comprehensive dynamic pricing and inventory-control model for a perishable-goods e‑commerce retailer. Require a formal optimization formulation (objective such as expected profit or revenue), decision variables (time-varying prices, order quantities), stochastic demand modeling and an approach for estimating price elasticity (e.g., log-linear regression, Bayesian updating, or experimental design), spoilage dynamics and inventory balance constraints, and revenue-management constraints (capacity, service levels, contractual price floors). Ask for a solution and validation plan (stochastic optimization or dynamic programming, simulation-based evaluation, key metrics: revenue, waste, fill rate) plus discussion of trade-offs, data requirements, and implementation/compute considerations.