Assess students' ability to design a sustainable off-grid microgrid for a 500-person remote community in a temperate climate. Require PV and wind resource assessment and equipment selection, load profiling and system sizing calculations for generation and battery storage (including autonomy and round-trip losses), demand-response measures and their effect on peak shaving, capital and operating cost–benefit analysis (including levelized cost of energy and payback), environmental impact assessment (emissions avoided, land use, lifecycle concerns), and a basic control strategy for coordinating generation, storage and DR. Students must state assumptions, show step-by-step calculations, analyze trade-offs, and provide a concise recommendation.