Test graduate-level understanding of core principles of deliberative democracy (inclusion, reason-giving, public justification), major institutional designs (citizens' assemblies, deliberative polls, mini-publics, deliberative councils, public forums), and critical design elements (selection, facilitation, agenda-setting, linkage to decision-making). Assess knowledge of common theoretical and empirical critiques (elitism, exclusion, scale and efficiency limits, deliberation-to-decision gap, manipulation, epistemic and distributive concerns), require comparative evaluation of strengths and weaknesses across designs, and briefly propose design changes to address key critiques.