Assess and compare the techno-economic, environmental, and policy trade-offs of hydrogen-based direct reduction, electrification (electric arc with low‑carbon electricity), and carbon capture (CCS/CCU) for decarbonizing steel. Evaluate lifecycle emissions, capital and operating costs, energy and resource demands, scalability, infrastructure and supply-chain constraints, technology readiness, regional context, and policy instruments (e.g., carbon pricing, subsidies, mandates). Provide justified pathway recommendations for specified scenarios and timelines.