Assess students' ability to apply macroeconomic models (AD‑AS, IS‑LM, Phillips curve) to design a coordinated government and central bank response to simultaneous recession and rising inflation (stagflation). Require identification of supply vs demand causes, evaluation of trade‑offs (inflation vs output), selection and sequencing of fiscal and monetary instruments, analysis of timing, lags, and credibility, and justification of expected short‑ and long‑run outcomes with qualitative explanation and/or quantitative diagrams or calculations.