Assess students' ability to analyze constitutional limits on executive emergency powers in liberal democracies: cover constitutional texts and statutes, institutional controls (legislative oversight, judicial review, federalism), substantive limits (necessity, proportionality, non-derogable rights), procedural safeguards (sunset clauses, reporting), and comparative case law; require evaluation of trade-offs between security and rights, identification of oversight weaknesses, and proposals for reforms consistent with liberal-democratic principles.