Assess students' understanding of how a bill becomes law in parliamentary versus presidential systems by testing knowledge of core stages (introduction, committee review, floor debate, passage, executive assent or veto), institutional actors (legislatures, executives, parties, committees, upper chambers), and procedural features (party discipline, confidence mechanisms, bicameral checks, timelines). Require clear comparison of similarities and differences, explanation of how institutional design affects accountability and policy stability, and brief illustrative examples from representative countries; exclude detailed country-specific statutes.