Assess graduate-level understanding of comparative welfare state regimes by testing knowledge of core typologies (e.g., liberal, conservative/corporatist, social-democratic, Mediterranean/post‑socialist), key policy mechanisms (decommodification, stratification, universalism vs targeting, familialism, activation), and associated social outcomes (inequality, poverty, labor‑market participation, gender equity). Items will require definition, comparative analysis, interpretation of indicators, and application to country examples and policy design.