Assess graduate students' ability to analyze and compare the proportionality test and strict scrutiny as standards of review in constitutional rights adjudication, including their elements (e.g., legitimacy, suitability, necessity, proportionality proper vs. compelling interest and least restrictive means), doctrinal origins, comparative application across jurisdictions (e.g., U.S., Europe, Canada), case-based identification of which standard applies, and evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, and policy implications.