Assess students' ability to analyze Earth's climate feedbacks (positive and negative), identify and evaluate potential tipping points (e.g., ice-sheet collapse, AMOC slowdown, permafrost carbon release, rainforest dieback), and determine how these processes alter equilibrium and transient climate sensitivity; include interpretation of feedback strength, nonlinear thresholds, hysteresis, cascading interactions, timescales, uncertainty, and use of paleoclimate data, observations, and model diagnostics to detect and quantify risks and policy-relevant implications.