Assess learners' ability to analyze common technical and biological sources of bias in RNA-seq (library preparation, sequencing depth, GC content and gene length effects, batch effects, multi-mapping, compositional bias), compare normalization strategies (TPM, RPKM/FPKM, DESeq median-of-ratios, TMM, upper-quartile, quantile, voom, spike-in scaling, GC/length correction), choose appropriate approaches for different study designs, and interpret diagnostic plots (PCA, MA, RLE) to evaluate impacts on dispersion estimation and false discovery rates; require justification of recommendations and mitigation strategies.