Assess graduate-level ability to analyze and attribute the relative effects of land-use change (e.g., deforestation, urbanization, agricultural practice) versus climate variability (e.g., precipitation patterns, extreme events, temperature trends) on temperate-catchment hydrology and sediment delivery; expect interpretation of hydrographs and sediment load records, use of paired-catchment or modeling approaches, statistical attribution methods, uncertainty appraisal, and implications for watershed management and mitigation strategies.