Test learners' ability to apply administrative-law standards to real-world fact patterns: determine when agency actions require notice-and-comment rulemaking versus adjudication (distinguishing legislative, interpretive, guidance, and substantive rules; APA §§553/554 tests and exceptions like "logical outgrowth"), and decide whether Chevron deference (or alternatives like Skidmore/Auer/Kisor and the major questions doctrine) applies, requiring justified process and citation of controlling tests and case law.