Assess students' ability to apply proportionality and strict scrutiny frameworks to constitutional challenges arising from public policy measures. Test identification of the applicable standard, mapping stages (legitimate/compelling interest; suitability/fit; necessity/least‑restrictive means; proportionality in the narrow sense), weighing competing rights and policy goals, and producing structured analyses for hypotheticals in areas such as free speech, equal protection, public health, and national security, with brief comparative reference to U.S. and proportionality-based jurisdictions.