Assess students' ability to apply the U.S. Constitution's system of checks and balances by identifying which branch (legislative, executive, judicial) should act and which constitutional check(s) are used in varied hypothetical and real-world scenarios; require selection of actions (e.g., veto, override, judicial review, confirmation/advice and consent, impeachment, appointments, funding, treaties, pardons, oversight) and brief constitutional justification. Designed for grades 9–12; medium difficulty; focus on application and concise analytical responses.