Test understanding of the major molecular and cellular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance—enzymatic inactivation, target modification, efflux pumps, reduced permeability, biofilm formation, and horizontal gene transfer—and their clinical consequences. Assess ability to interpret susceptibility and molecular diagnostic data and to apply stewardship principles (empiric selection, de‑escalation, dosing optimization, infection control, and surveillance) in clinical scenarios to reduce resistance emergence. Designed for adult learners; moderate difficulty requiring analysis and application.