Test students' ability to analyze the causes (land cover, albedo, urban geometry, waste heat), impacts (public health, energy demand, air quality, socio-economic disparities), and mitigation trade-offs (green infrastructure, cool materials, tree canopy, zoning, cost, water use, maintenance, equity) of urban heat islands in mid-sized cities; include interpreting simple data (temperature maps, land-use maps, energy use trends), comparing strategy effectiveness and feasibility, and producing balanced, evidence-based recommendations for planners and policymakers.