Assess learners' ability to analyze the causes (e.g., land cover change, albedo, waste heat), environmental and social impacts (e.g., health, energy demand, ecology), measurement and modeling approaches (e.g., remote sensing, in‑situ sensors, urban climate models), and evaluate mitigation strategies (e.g., green roofs, urban trees, reflective materials, planning/policy trade-offs); include interpretation of simple temperature data and formulation of prioritized, context-sensitive recommendations.