Assess students' ability to analyze the primary causes of urban heat islands (e.g., land-cover change, impervious surfaces, reduced evapotranspiration, anthropogenic heat), their environmental and human-health impacts (temperature rise, air quality degradation, increased energy demand, altered hydrology), and the effectiveness and trade‑offs of mitigation strategies (green roofs, urban forestry, reflective materials, cool pavements, policy measures). Include interpretation of basic temperature or land‑cover data, comparison of strategies by effectiveness and feasibility in different urban contexts, and evidence‑based recommendation of mitigation plans. Intended for Grade 9–12, medium difficulty, analytical skills emphasized.