[Assess learners' ability to analyze primary drivers of urban heat island (UHI) effects—land cover change, impervious surfaces, urban geometry, anthropogenic heat—and the feedbacks with local climate (albedo, evapotranspiration, boundary layer, wind). Require quantification of impacts on building heating/cooling demand from simple energy/climate calculations or interpreted observational data, and evaluation of mitigation options (cool/green roofs, trees, reflective surfaces, shading, urban form, ventilation corridors). Ask students to compare effectiveness, co‑benefits, unintended consequences, cost, and equity across scales and climate contexts, and to recommend context‑sensitive strategies using scenario analysis.]