Assess students' ability to analyze stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope ratios from planktonic and benthic foraminifera to reconstruct past ocean temperatures. Test skills include: converting δ18O to paleotemperature using appropriate fractionation equations and seawater δ18O estimates, evaluating species-specific vital effects and diagenetic alteration, accounting for salinity/ice-volume influences, integrating δ13C for carbon-cycle interpretation, designing sampling and cleaning protocols, and quantifying analytical and proxy uncertainties.