Assess students' ability to analyze how geography, technology, and trade shaped the development, social organization, economies, and interactions of the Nile, Tigris‑Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow River civilizations; tasks include comparing environmental constraints and advantages (flooding, soils, resources), evaluating technological responses (irrigation, metallurgy, writing), tracing trade routes and cultural exchange, and using maps and source evidence to explain cooperation, competition, and diffusion.