Assess students' ability to analyze the constitutional and statutory mechanisms that allocate and constrain policymaking authority between the U.S. President and Congress. Coverage should include vetoes and overrides, executive orders and enforcement discretion, appointments and advice-and-consent, appropriations and budgeting, war and emergency powers, oversight and impeachment, and controlling Supreme Court precedents (e.g., Youngstown). Expect application to fact patterns, evaluation of institutional incentives, and explanation of how checks and balances operate in practice.