Assess students' ability to analyze how permafrost thaw drives carbon release, alters hydrological regimes, and compromises Arctic infrastructure; evaluate physical and biogeochemical mechanisms (thermal erosion, thermokarst, microbial decomposition), quantify greenhouse gas fluxes and hydrologic shifts using observational and modeling data (field measurements, remote sensing, process-based models), interpret datasets and uncertainty, and synthesize engineering and policy adaptation strategies that minimize carbon feedbacks and infrastructure risk.