Assess students' ability to analyze how land use changes (urbanization, agriculture, deforestation) affect a local watershed's runoff and water quality. Scope includes identifying watershed boundaries, comparing infiltration versus surface runoff, interpreting simple land-cover maps and runoff or nutrient graphs, explaining how sediment and pollutants are transported into streams, predicting changes in streamflow and indicators (turbidity, nutrients, contaminants), and proposing age-appropriate best-management practices (e.g., buffers, permeable surfaces) to reduce impacts. Questions will be scenario-based and require cause–effect reasoning and basic data interpretation.