Test advanced ability to analyze how formative assessment practices influence student metacognition and measurable learning outcomes in undergraduate STEM courses. Assess knowledge of types of formative assessments (e.g., in-class quizzes, peer instruction, feedback cycles), metrics and instruments for metacognition and learning, research designs (quasi-experimental, randomized, mixed methods), data interpretation (effect sizes, validity, confounders), and implications for instructional design and equity; include critique of methodology and recommendations for practice.