Assess students' ability to analyze how deforestation and land‑use change alter watershed hydrology (runoff, infiltration, evapotranspiration), increase sediment yield and transport, and impact downstream aquatic ecosystems (turbidity, nutrient loading, habitat degradation, biotic responses). Include interpretation of hydrographs and sediment data, identification of causal mechanisms, prediction of ecological outcomes, and evaluation of mitigation and monitoring strategies for management decisions.