[Assess students' ability to identify and analyze race conditions and deadlocks in short multithreaded code snippets, diagnose root causes, and design correct fixes using locks (mutexes, lock ordering), atomic operations (CAS, atomic loads/stores, memory ordering), and lock-free techniques; require explanation of correctness, performance trade-offs, and potential pitfalls (deadlock, livelock, ABA, priority inversion) and concrete code-level suggestions.]