Assess students' ability to analyze trade-offs between carbon sequestration and biodiversity outcomes in afforestation projects across different management regimes (e.g., monoculture vs mixed-species plantings, rotation length, thinning, restoration-focused approaches) and climatic zones (boreal, temperate, tropical). Test interpretation of empirical metrics (biomass/carbon stocks, species richness and composition, functional diversity), evaluation of monitoring and modelling methods, and formulation of management recommendations that balance carbon and biodiversity objectives under climate variability and uncertainty. Include tasks requiring data interpretation, comparative reasoning, and policy-relevant decision-making.