Assess understanding of physiological distinctions between aerobic and anaerobic exercise—energy systems (oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis, ATP-PC), muscle fiber recruitment, metabolic byproducts, and acute and chronic cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, and performance adaptations; include interpretation of simple data (e.g., VO2, lactate, power/duration) and implications for training design and health outcomes such as fitness, strength, metabolic health, recovery, and injury risk.