Assess understanding of federal administrative rulemaking under the APA, covering formal vs. informal procedures, notice-and-comment requirements and common exceptions (good cause, interpretive rules, policy statements), adequate notice and comment responses, administrative record development, and judicial review doctrines (arbitrary-and-capricious, substantial evidence, Chevron and Skidmore deference) plus typical remedies for procedural defects; expect moderate-complexity scenario analysis and doctrine application for professional learners.