Assess learners' understanding of the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) with emphasis on federal agency rulemaking (notice-and-comment, formal vs. informal rules, guidance), agency adjudication (formal hearings, due process, exhaustion), and judicial review (standing, ripeness, arbitrary-and-capricious review, Chevron deference, statutory exemptions and remedies); test ability to identify procedural requirements, analyze defects in agency action, and apply standards of review to short scenarios.