Assess learners' ability to analyze how agencies' enforcement discretion interacts with judicial review in U.S. regulatory enforcement. Coverage: standards of review (arbitrary and capricious, substantial evidence), deference doctrines (Chevron, Skidmore, Kisor), separation-of-powers and nondelegation limits, APA procedural constraints (notice-and-comment), and remedies (vacatur, remand, injunction). Includes fact patterns requiring application of doctrines and explanation of policy trade-offs for agencies and regulated parties.