Assess students' ability to analyze energy flow and trophic interactions in terrestrial food webs by identifying trophic levels (producers, consumers, decomposers), distinguishing food chains from food webs, interpreting biomass and energy pyramids, calculating energy transfer efficiencies from quantitative data, predicting outcomes of species addition or removal (trophic cascades, top‑down vs bottom‑up control), and evaluating human impacts on energy flow; include diagram-based analysis and short data-interpretation items requiring evidence-based reasoning and clear explanation of assumptions.