Assess understanding of judicial review standards in U.S. administrative law—Chevron deference (Step One/Two and recent doctrinal shifts), the arbitrary-and-capricious/“reasoned decisionmaking” standard under the APA, and the substantial evidence standard in formal adjudication. Students should identify which standard applies to fact patterns, explain doctrinal tests and rationales, and analyze how these standards influence agency policymaking, litigation strategy, and record-building.