Assess learners' ability to analyze the primary drivers of urban heat islands in mid-sized cities and to evaluate the effectiveness, co-benefits, and trade-offs of mitigation strategies (green roofs, reflective/high‑albedo surfaces, urban forestry). Questions should require interpretation of metrics (air/surface temperature change, energy savings), consideration of costs, maintenance, equity and implementation barriers, and formulation of context-specific recommendations for planners and decision-makers.