Assess undergraduate students' understanding of the constitutional doctrine of separation of powers and the system of checks and balances in the U.S. federal government, including the distinct roles and enumerated powers of the legislative, executive, and judicial branches; key mechanisms (vetoes, appointments and advice-and-consent, judicial review, impeachment, congressional oversight); seminal cases and constitutional provisions that define interbranch boundaries (e.g., Marbury v. Madison, Youngstown, INS v. Chadha); practical examples of interbranch conflict and cooperation; and core doctrinal debates such as nondelegation and the unitary executive.