Assess students' understanding of the causes and social and economic impacts of 21st-century migration, covering both internal (e.g., rural–urban shifts, displacement, climate migration) and international flows (e.g., labor migration, conflict-driven movement). Include push–pull factors, effects on origin and destination communities (demographics, labor markets, remittances, urbanization, inequality, social integration), and policy responses; require identification, explanation, and short analytical reasoning.