Assess learners' understanding of dose–response principles and their ability to interpret dose–response curves and parameters to inform occupational risk assessment and OEL derivation; scope includes thresholds vs nonthreshold models, NOAEL/LOAEL and benchmark dose concepts, ED50/LD50 interpretation, dose metrics and scaling, dose-rate and cumulative exposure effects, sources of variability and uncertainty, basic curve fitting/assumptions, and practical graph-reading and decision-making scenarios.