Assess students' ability to analyze how electoral systems — first-past-the-post (FPTP) versus proportional representation (PR) — shape party fragmentation and coalition governance. The quiz will test theoretical mechanisms (Duverger’s law, mechanical and psychological effects, district magnitude), empirical patterns across case studies, impacts on number and size of parties, incentives for strategic entry and voting, processes of coalition formation and bargaining, and implications for government stability and policy outcomes; includes short-answer analysis and scenario-based application of concepts and data interpretation.