Assess learners' understanding of major mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in clinically relevant bacteria, including genetic bases (mutations and plasmid- or transposon-mediated horizontal gene transfer), enzymatic drug inactivation (e.g., beta-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes), target modification (e.g., altered PBPs, rRNA methylation), reduced permeability and active efflux, and biofilm-associated tolerance; questions will require linking mechanisms to antibiotic classes, interpreting scenarios of gene transfer and resistance emergence, and considering diagnostic and stewardship implications.