Assess students' understanding of acute physiological responses and chronic adaptations in the cardiovascular and muscular systems to aerobic (endurance) versus anaerobic (sprint/strength) exercise. Scope includes heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood flow and capillarization, VO2max, lactate production/clearance, mitochondrial and capillary density, muscle fiber recruitment, hypertrophy, and neuromuscular changes; students should compare mechanisms, outcomes, and training implications.