Assess graduate students' understanding of judicial review in federal democracies, focusing on constitutional foundations (text, structure, and judicial powers), doctrinal and institutional limits (standing, justiciability, deference, federal–state relations), and the political effects of review (legitimacy, policymaking influence, federalism tensions, compliance). The quiz will require comparative analysis across systems, evaluation of trade-offs between judicial authority and democratic accountability, and application of theory to illustrative case scenarios.