Assess students' ability to analyze how nationalism, militarism, alliance systems, and imperialism interacted to cause World War I. Require concise explanations of each factor with specific historical examples (e.g., Balkan crises, arms races, Triple Entente/Central Powers, colonial rivalries), evaluation of causal linkages (short- and long-term), and an evidence-based argument tracing how these forces combined to produce the 1914 outbreak; suitable for Grade 9–12 advanced learners.