Evaluate students' ability to compare and critique methods for attributing authorship and assessing authenticity in Renaissance paintings—covering connoisseurship and stylistic analysis, provenance and archival research, scientific techniques (pigment/binder analysis, dendrochronology, infrared reflectography, X‑radiography, multispectral imaging), workshop/contextual evidence, conservation history, and ethical or sampling limitations; require justified attributions in case-study scenarios.