Assess learners' ability to evaluate disputed attributions and provenance for high‑value European paintings by weighing connoisseurship, technical/scientific evidence (e.g., pigment and binder analysis, dendrochronology, X‑ray/infrared imaging), documentary records, and legal/ethical factors; require critical analysis of case scenarios (Renaissance–19th century), identification of methodological limits and biases, application of relevant national and international restitution and ownership frameworks, and formulation of evidence‑based recommendations for resolution, risk mitigation, and reporting.