Assess the ability to evaluate construct validity and detect cultural bias in standardized literacy assessments for multilingual and multicultural populations, covering construct representation, measurement invariance (MGCFA), IRT/DIF analyses, translation and cultural adaptation, qualitative validation methods (cognitive interviews, stakeholder consultation), sampling/contextual influences, interpretation of statistical and qualitative evidence, and formulation of test design or policy recommendations; tasks include critiquing studies, interpreting outputs, and proposing corrective strategies.