Assess students' understanding of how deforestation reduces ecosystem services (biodiversity, water regulation, carbon storage, pollination), increases soil erosion (causes, effects on agriculture and sedimentation), and alters local climate (temperature shifts, rainfall patterns, microclimate effects). Test ability to explain causal processes, interpret simple graphs or diagrams (e.g., runoff or temperature change), and propose basic mitigation/restoration measures (reforestation, terracing, riparian buffers). Scope: Grade 6–8, medium difficulty, focus on conceptual links and real-world examples.